ICCH halaqa- Articulation points (The tongue#2)
3- THE SIDE OF THE TONGUE
There are two letters that use the side of the tongue for articulation.
They do not use the same part of the side of the tongue, rather the 
uses the posterior two thirds of the side (or edge) of the tongue, and the 
uses the anterior one third (closest to the mouth) portion of the side of the tongue.
uses the posterior two thirds of the side (or edge) of the tongue, and the uses the anterior one third (closest to the mouth) portion of the side of the tongue.
THE LETTER
This letter is articulated from the one or both sides of the tongue and from the molars and the gum area next to the molars. The posterior two thirds of the side of the tongue is used for this letter. This letter can be articulated from one side (right or left) of the tongue alone, or from both sides of the tongue simultaneously.
has the characteristic of compression of the sound, as well as tafkheem (heaviness), so the deep part of the tongue raises up when pronouncing it and compresses the sound at the same time.
COMMON MISTAKES IN THE LETTER
The takes practice, patience, and dua’ to perfect its articulation. The most common mistake in its pronunciation is using the tip of the tongue instead of the side (posterior two thirds). The resultant sound then is that of a 
. Using the middle of the tongue and what opposes it of the middle of the roof of the mouth is another common error. The resultant sound is sort of like a heavy .
takes practice, patience, and dua’ to perfect its articulation. The most common mistake in its pronunciation is using the tip of the tongue instead of the side (posterior two thirds). The resultant sound then is that of a . Using the middle of the tongue and what opposes it of the middle of the roof of the mouth is another common error. The resultant sound is sort of like a heavy .
Another less common mistake is of going too far back to articulate it; back to the throat, in this case the sound is similar to a swallowing sound mixed with a letter.
THE LETTER
This letter has the widest articulation points of all the Arabic letters. It is articulated from the anterior one third of the sides of the tongue until the sides end at the tip, and what lies opposite to them of the gums of the two top front incisors, the two top lateral incisors, the two top canines, and the two top premolars. The articulation of this letter is then in the shape of an arc, with both sides until the tongue ends at the tip meeting up with with gums of all the mentioned teeth. It is to be noted that it is a fine line of the sides of the tongue that meets up with the gums, and it does not include the top of the tongue. The articulation of the is an upward movement, not a forward movement like “L” is in English.
is an upward movement, not a forward movement like “L” is in English. 
COMMON MISTAKES IN THE LETTER
The most common mistake is that of using just the tip and not the sides of the tongue to pronounce this letter, and the resultant sound is that of a noon, since the noon is articulated very close to the . Another mistake for native English speakers is pronouncing using the underside of the tongue and the actual plates of the two front teeth. The resultant sound is a heavy sound, just as the English “L”.
. Another mistake for native English speakers is pronouncing using the underside of the tongue and the actual plates of the two front teeth. The resultant sound is a heavy sound, just as the English “L”.LAAM SAAKINAH RULES:
1- At the BEGINNING of the word (THE DEFINITE ARTICLE)
The definition of the definite article is: It is an extra laam saakinah added to the basic makeup of the word. This noun is preceded by a hamzah al-wasl
(
) that is read with a fat-hah when starting the word, dropped when continuing from a previous word. This definite article is like the English word “the”.
is: It is an extra laam saakinah added to the basic makeup of the word. This noun is preceded by a hamzah al-wasl(
) that is read with a fat-hah when starting the word, dropped when continuing from a previous word. This definite article is like the English word “the”.
When there is the definite article preceding a noun (it only enters nouns) there are only two possible rules for the :
preceding a noun (it only enters nouns) there are only two possible rules for the :
1. 
2. 
We will now explain when each of these occurs.
The clear pronunciation of the definite article ( 
of 
)
( of )
If the definite article precedes a noun beginning with any of the fourteen letters in the group :
precedes a noun beginning with any of the fourteen letters in the group :
The of the definite article is said clearly or with . The of the definite article is then is called 
.
of the definite article is said clearly or with . The of the definite article is then is called .
Examples of this are in the following two words: 
The saakinah of the definite article is pronounce clearly in these words.
saakinah of the definite article is pronounce clearly in these words.
The merging of the definite article ( 
of )
( of )
If the of the definite article “the” precedes any of the fourteen remaining letters of the Arabic alphabet, there is then an 
(merging) of the of the definite article into the next letter. The fourteen letters that merges into are: 
. As we know, when there is an , the two letters merge into one, and the letter that the two merge into acquires a shaddah In this case then, the letter immediately following the , will have a shaddah on it. This is called 
.
of the definite article “the” precedes any of the fourteen remaining letters of the Arabic alphabet, there is then an (merging) of the of the definite article into the next letter. The fourteen letters that merges into are: . As we know, when there is an , the two letters merge into one, and the letter that the two merge into acquires a shaddah In this case then, the letter immediately following the , will have a shaddah on it. This is called .
Examples of laam shamsiyyah are in the following two words:
LAAM SAAKINAH RULES
2- AT THE middle OF THE WORD
This saakinah when at the niddle of the word, the rule is always 
. Examples: خلق – ألف – خلفهم – سلطان
saakinah when at the niddle of the word, the rule is always . Examples: خلق – ألف – خلفهم – سلطان3- AT THE end OF THE WORD
The general rule for the saakinah in these cases is , or pronounced clearly. If, however, the saakinah is at the end of a word and the first letter of the following word is a or a 
, then there is merging ( )of the saakinah at the end of the word into the or at the beginning of the next word.
saakinah in these cases is , or pronounced clearly. If, however, the saakinah is at the end of a word and the first letter of the following word is a or a , then there is merging ( )of the saakinah at the end of the word into the or at the beginning of the next word.
The only prepositions or particles that have a saakinah are 
and 
.
saakinah are and .
Examples of of the saakinah, other than the definite article “the”:
of the saakinah, other than the definite article “the”:
In these above examples, and all similar examples in the Glorious Qur’an where there is a saakinah followed by any letter other than a or a , the saakinah is pronounced clearly
(with ) .
saakinah followed by any letter other than a or a , the saakinah is pronounced clearly(with
) .
Examples of (merging) of the saakinah, other than the definite article "the":
(merging) of the saakinah, other than the definite article "the":
In these above examples, the saakinah at the end of the word merges into the next letter, either another or a , so is not pronounced at all. The next letter acquires a shaddah, which represents a saakin of the letter plus a voweled letter of the same kind, as previously stated, either a or a .
saakinah at the end of the word merges into the next letter, either another or a , so is not pronounced at all. The next letter acquires a shaddah, which represents a saakin of the letter plus a voweled letter of the same kind, as previously stated, either a or a .
EXCEPTION: There is an exception to the rule in verse 14 of surah Al-Mutaffifeen
rule in verse 14 of surah Al-Mutaffifeen
In this verse the participle is followed by a ; the first letter of the next word, but there is no merging, since the reciter Hafs ‘an ‘Aasim by the way of Shatabiyyay has a breathless pause, or 
between these two words. A is a stop without taking a breath, for a period of time less than that of a normal stop.
is followed by a ; the first letter of the next word, but there is no merging, since the reciter Hafs ‘an ‘Aasim by the way of Shatabiyyay has a breathless pause, or between these two words. A is a stop without taking a breath, for a period of time less than that of a normal stop.
الحرف
|
المخرج
|
الصفات
|
الضاد
|
أقصى حافتى اللسان مع ما يحاذيها من الاضراس العليا
|
جهر(صوته عالى) – رخو (زمنه طويل) - مفخم- مستطيل
|
اللام
|
أدنى حافتى اللسان الى منتهاها مع ما يحاذيها من الحنك الاعلى
|
جهر(صوته عالى) - متوسط (زمنه متوسط) - مرقق
|
Characters
|
Makhrag
|
Letters
|
Gahr (loud voice) - Soft (long
time) - Heavy
|
The edge of the tongue from the
back with the top molars
|
ض
|
Gahr (loud voice) – Intermediate (Intermediate time) - Light
|
The edge of the tongue from the
front with the upper teeth
|
ل
|
THE LAM OF THE NAME OF THE MAJESTY 
The of the Glorious name of Allah sometimes has tafkheem and sometimes tarqeeq, depending on the pronounced vowel on the letter preceding the .
of the Glorious name of Allah sometimes has tafkheem and sometimes tarqeeq, depending on the pronounced vowel on the letter preceding the . THE LAM OF THE GLORIOUS NAME OF ALLAH HAS TAFKHEEM IN THE FOLLOWING STATES:
- If what precedes the name of Allah has a fat-ha, such as in:
and 
and 
- If what precedes the name of Allah has a dhammah, such as in:
- If what precedes the name of Allah is saakin and what is before that has a fat-h or a dhammah. An example of this is in:
THE LAM OF THE NAME OF ALLAH HAS TARQEEQ IN THE FOLLOWING STATES:
- If it was preceded by an original kasrah or presented kasrah even if it is connected to it (the name of Allah) or separated from it. For example:
(original permanent kasrah), 
and 
(presented kasrah).
- If it was preceded by a saakin and the letter before that has a kasrah, such as in:
and
4- THE tip OF THE TONGUE
1- ARTICULATION POINTS OF THE 
These three letters are emitted by placing the tip of the tongue on the plates of the two front lower incisors. The sound then is emitted between the upper and lower incisors. There is a little space left in between the tip of the tongue and the plates of the teeth when pronouncing these letters. The term “plate” refers to the long axis of the tooth, and in this case, the long axis that is on the internal side, rather than the external side of the teeth.
These letters are also called 
letters, which means “whistle”. They are called that due to the accompany whistle type sound heard when they are emitted properly.
letters, which means “whistle”. They are called that due to the accompany whistle type sound heard when they are emitted properly. 
COMMON MISTAKES IN THESE LETTERS
The most common mistake that occurs in the three letters as a group is in the lack of (whistle). Usually this problem is due to a strong overbite. Those that have a large overbite though, can still learn to pronounce these letters correctly by making a compensation in the lower jaw. The lower jaw should be protruded until it aligns with the upper jaw while saying these three letters, and insha’ Allah they will come out clearly with the proper “whistle” sound. A note to remember, the tongue should not press up against the plates of the teeth or the sound will be incorrectly imprisoned when trying to say these letters.
(whistle). Usually this problem is due to a strong overbite. Those that have a large overbite though, can still learn to pronounce these letters correctly by making a compensation in the lower jaw. The lower jaw should be protruded until it aligns with the upper jaw while saying these three letters, and insha’ Allah they will come out clearly with the proper “whistle” sound. A note to remember, the tongue should not press up against the plates of the teeth or the sound will be incorrectly imprisoned when trying to say these letters.
Another mistake that occurs singularly in the 
is not making it heavy enough. It is one of the tafkheem (heavy) letters, and it also has the characteristic of sticking. If the is not made heavy enough, it sounds just like, or very close to a 
. The sticking of the tongue with the is not at the articulation area, but rather with the back of the tongue. It sticks to the very back of the soft palate while pronouncing this letter.
is not making it heavy enough. It is one of the tafkheem (heavy) letters, and it also has the characteristic of sticking. If the is not made heavy enough, it sounds just like, or very close to a . The sticking of the tongue with the is not at the articulation area, but rather with the back of the tongue. It sticks to the very back of the soft palate while pronouncing this letter.
Characters
|
Makhrag
|
Letters
|
Hams (soft voice) - Weak (long
time) -Light
|
The tip of the tongue and the little
space between the upper and the lower Incisors
|
س
|
Hams (soft voice) - Weak (long
time) -Heavy
|
ص
|
|
Gahr (loud voice) - Weak (long
time) -Light
|
ز
|
2- ARTICULATION POINT OF THE 
These letters are emitted from the tip of the tongue (from the top side of the tip) and the bottom edges of the two top front incisors. Care should be taken to make sure the top of the tip is really colliding or separating (depending whether there is no vowel or a vowel) with the edges of the teeth and not the plates of the teeth.
COMMON MISTAKES IN THESE LETTERS
These three letters are some of the most mispronounced letters in the Arabic language by both Arabs and non-Arabs. The main reason for this is the corruption of pure classical Arabic.
The 
is often mispronounced as a heavy form of “z”. The reason for this (mechanically speaking) is not using the top of the tip with the edges of the incisors, and instead using the back plates of the two front incisors, which as covered in the last tidbit, is the articulation point for the . It is then understandable the mechanical reason for this letter to erroneously sound like a “z” when the incorrect articulation point is used. The is a letter that has tafkheem, or heaviness, and that characteristic tends to be present even in the misarticulated form of the letter, and therefore the heavy “z” sound.
is often mispronounced as a heavy form of “z”. The reason for this (mechanically speaking) is not using the top of the tip with the edges of the incisors, and instead using the back plates of the two front incisors, which as covered in the last tidbit, is the articulation point for the . It is then understandable the mechanical reason for this letter to erroneously sound like a “z” when the incorrect articulation point is used. The is a letter that has tafkheem, or heaviness, and that characteristic tends to be present even in the misarticulated form of the letter, and therefore the heavy “z” sound.
The 
is many times mispronounced as a plain “z”. Again, Arabs as well as non-Arabs have this error. The solution is again using the top of the tip of the tongue and the bottom edges of the two top front incisors. There should be enough protrusion of the tip tongue in all three of these letters so that it is visible to the observer.
is many times mispronounced as a plain “z”. Again, Arabs as well as non-Arabs have this error. The solution is again using the top of the tip of the tongue and the bottom edges of the two top front incisors. There should be enough protrusion of the tip tongue in all three of these letters so that it is visible to the observer.
The 
frequently is pronounced as a by mistake. This mistake can occur with both Arabs and non-Arabs. The same reason as discussed above is the cause for this: using the wrong articulation point.
frequently is pronounced as a by mistake. This mistake can occur with both Arabs and non-Arabs. The same reason as discussed above is the cause for this: using the wrong articulation point.
In summary the common mistake in these three letters is using the articulation point of the “whistle” group of letters instead of their own unique articulation point. The tip of the tongue needs to collide or separate with the bottom edges of the two top front incisors, and not the internal plates of the two top incisors.
instead of their own unique articulation point. The tip of the tongue needs to collide or separate with the bottom edges of the two top front incisors, and not the internal plates of the two top incisors.
Characters
|
Makhrag
|
Letters
|
Gahr (loud voice) – Weak (long
time) -Light
|
the tip of the tongue (from the
top side of the tip) and the bottom edges of the two top front incisors
|
ذ
|
Hams (soft voice) – Weak (long
time) -Light
|
ث
|
|
Gahr (loud voice) - Weak (long
time) -Heavy
|
ظ
|
3- THE ARTICULATION POINT OF THE
These letters are pronounced from the top side of the tip of the tongue and the gum line of the two front upper incisors. The gum line is exactly where the gum meets the teeth. The part of the tongue used in these letters is a small part of the top of the tip, not any farther back than the very tip area.
COMMON MISTAKES IN THESE LETTERS
The mistake that occurs most often in these letters is using the soft elevated area behind the gum instead of the gum line. The English “t” and “d” are articulated at this position which is further back in the mouth than the Arabic and 
. When these letters are emitted back too far, their sound gets heavy. Another problem that may occur in all of the letters in this group is not using just the top of the tip, but instead using a large portion of the top of the tongue. This is common in Urdu speaking Muslims as well as native English speakers, and it contributes to a heavy sounding letter.
and . When these letters are emitted back too far, their sound gets heavy. Another problem that may occur in all of the letters in this group is not using just the top of the tip, but instead using a large portion of the top of the tongue. This is common in Urdu speaking Muslims as well as native English speakers, and it contributes to a heavy sounding letter. 
is a letter that has both tafkheem (heaviness) and sticks to the roof of the mouth. It is the strongest of all the letters of the Arabic language. The most common mistake (outside of the above mistakes) in this letter is not getting it strong enough, as well as not sticking most of the tongue up to the roof of the mouth while pronouncing it. Since this letter is not common to many languages, it needs practice to be proficient in its proper articulation. Listening to a known accomplished reciter can assist in learning the proper sound for the .
Characters
|
Makhrag
|
Letters
|
Gahr (loud voice) – Strong (short
time) -Light
|
the top side of the
tip of the tongue and the gum line of the two front upper incisors
|
د
|
Hams (soft voice) – Strong (short
time) -Light
|
ت
|
|
Gahr (loud voice) - Strong (short
time) -Heavy
|
ط
|
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